Objective To investigate the population density changes of larvae and adults of the dengue vector Aedes albopictus in Wuhan, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the strategy of Aedes vector control. Methods From April to November, 2017, the density of Ae. albopictus larvae was monitored by the Breteau index (BI) method, and that of Ae. albopictus adults was monitored by the double-layered mosquito net method and the light trap method. A database was established using Excel 2013 software. An analysis of variance was performed using SPSS 21.0 software to compare their densities between different habitats and months. The chi-square test was used for comparison of rates. Results A total of 145 Ae. albopictus were captured by light traps; the mean density was 0.52 mosquito/light·night, and the density was highest in parks (0.86 mosquito/light·night) and lowest in rural houses (0.23 mosquito/light·night). A total of 165 water containers positive for Ae. albopictus were found by the BI method; the mean BI was 10.30, and the highest BI (17.00) was observed in July. A total of 213 Ae. albopictus adults were captured by the double-layered mosquito net method; the mean density was 2.22 mosquitoes/net·hour, and the density exhibited a single peak (4.33 mosquitoes/net·hour), which occurred in September. Conclusion The high density and wide distribution of Ae. albopictus in Wuhan indicate that there is a risk of dengue outbreak in the area. It is suggested that relevant authorities should strengthen mosquito vector surveillance and environmental management to prevent local cases caused by imported dengue fever.

Objective To obtain the species composition, seasonal dynamics and density in important infestation places of cockroaches in Wuhan city so as to provide a scientific evidence for the prevention and control of cockroaches. Methods The sticky traps method was used to monitor the density of cockroaches in farm produce markets, restaurants, hotels, hospitals and residential areas from 2007 to 2016. The data obtained were analyzed by SPSS 20.0 softuare. Besides, the density and the infestation in every year and different places were compared by Chi-square test and variance analysis, respectively. Results In total, 20 137 cockroaches were captured which belonged to 3 species under 2 genera and 2 families. The average density was 0.94 insects per sheet and the infestation was 18.40%. Blattella germanica was the predomination species, accounting to 96.77%. The seasonal variation of cockroaches was obvious, and the peak mainly happened in June to October. The average density and the infestation rate of cockroaches in farm produce markets and restaurants were highest, which were 1.13 insects per sheet and 27.13%, 1.71 insects per sheet and 26.19%, respectively. Hotels and residential areas were in the next places and hospital was the lowest. The diversity index of cockroaches in residential areas was 0.586 7, which was the highest, and followed by that in farm produce markets and hospital, which were 0.259 0 and 0.232 6, respectively. The structure of cockroaches in farm produce markets, restaurants and residential areas were extremely similar, while the rest of the habitats were moderately similar. Conclusion Blattella germanica is the predominant population of cockroaches in Wuhan city. The activity peak appears in summer and early autumn, besides, the places around farm produce markets and restaurants should be viewed as the key points. Targeted comprehensive control measures should be taken according to the ecological characteristics of cockroach communities in different habitats.

Objective To provide scientific data for rodent control in Wuhan, we studied the population dynamics of rodents in three habitat types (residential areas, special industries, and rural villages) from January 2006 to December 2014. Methods We used night trapping method to collect mouse periodically, the data obtained was analyzed by statistical methods. Results The number of specimens we collected were 967, during 2006 to 2014. These samples belong to 1 family, 2 genera and 4 species. The predominant species was sewer rat Rattus norvegicus (39.7%), followed by R. tanezumi (37.6%). The seasonal variation of rats in rural villages and special industries was obvious, the peak mainly happened in March and September. Species richness in rural villages was higher than in urban residential areas and special industries, the diversity index of rats in rural villages was the highest (0.993 0), followed by that in special industries (0.684 5), was lowest in residential areas (0.645 5). The similarity of the 3 habitat types was high, and similar to each other. Conclusion Findings in the current paper were the basic characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution and species diversity in three habitat types in Wuhan.

Objective In this study, we investigated the population densities and resistance to commonly used insecticides of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus in Wuhan, Hubei province. Our results can provide new insights into field mosquito control operations. Methods According to GB/T 23797-2009, lamp traps were used to caputre mosquitoes during March to November in 2014. The larve impregnation method which is recommended by WHO, was used to determine the susceptibility of larve (LC₅₀ with 95%CI) to deltamethrin, DDVP, DDT, propoxur and temephos. Results The population densities of C_x. pipiens quinquefasciatus throughout the year showed a single peak between May and June, the average density in stables was significantly higher than any other habitats. The LC₅₀ values of deltamethrin, DDVP, DDT, propoxur and temephos of C_x. pipiens quinquefasciatus were 0.071 7, 0.469 9, 0.766 0, 0.941 0 and 0.000 78 mg/L, and the resistance ratio were 358.50, 151.14, 42.56,9.72 and 1.30, respectively. Conclusion Our data showed that the peak population densities of adult C_x. pipiens quinquefasciatus was between May and June in Wuhan, it is also the key month for mosquito control. Considering the prevalence of resistance to chemical insecticides among mosquitoes, integrated management should be promoted to delay the development of resistance.

Objective To use RNA-seq library construction and high-throughput sequencing approach to identify and characterize Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) within mosquito samples. Methods Thirty-two mosquito pools (around 480 females in total) were collected in Wuhan, Hubei, China. Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol LS reagent and E.Z.N.A. Total RNA Kit and these extractions were further merged into 1 pool for RNA-seq library construction and sequencing. To obtain the full-length genome and reconstruct the phylogenetic tree, we used software including Trinity, Blast, SeqMan, MAFFT_7, MegAlign and PhyML. Results Within the sequencing results, we were able to identify a JEV which we named as WH-JEV strain. The genome of WH-JEV strain was 10 947 nucleotides long, which covers the complete open reading frame from 81 to 10 376 nt of the genome and encodes for a 3432 amino acid polyprotein. The virus has a low abundance (with a coverage of 40X and a TPM of 4.19) comparing to other viruses with the same mosquito RNA library. Subsequent genome analyses suggests that the WH strain belongs to genotypeⅠ, and has 99.5% nucleotide identity and 100% amino acid identity with the strain LN0716. Conclusion High-throughput technology could be used to rapidly detect and characterize JEV within mosquitoes.

Objective To perform various forms of intervention, investigate the effective model and method of health education for rodent control in community, and evaluate the intervention effect, and to provide a basis for proper education measures for rodent control in community. Methods One or two communities were selected from each of 4 subdistricts in Jiang'an district and Jiang'han district of Wuhan, China by stratified cluster sampling; 7 communities were selected, and the residents in the 7 communities were divided into experimental group and control group. The individuals above 18 years of age were selected from each group to undergo knowledge-attitude-practice questionnaire survey. Various health intervention measures were performed on the experimental group. The intervention effect was evaluated by comparison. Results In the experimental group, the proportion of residents with the knowledge of rodent control and related information increased after intervention (P<0.05), and the changes were significant in terms of most items in the questionnaire (P<0.05). The density of rodents, as measured by night trapping method, were 4.5% before intervention and 0.8% after intervention (P<0.01). Conclusion During rodent control in community, various health education activities, as well as management for public environment and active cooperation between people in community, can increase the knowledge of rodent control among residents and in turn improve the effect of rodent control.

In this paper, one newly recorded genus, Amblyomma, and four newly recorded species, A. testudinarium, Haemaphysalis phasiana, H. hystricis, and Ixodes sinensis, are summarized. The genus and species belong to Ixodidae and are distributed in Hubei province, China. Their specimens are preserved in the Insect Collections, Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

Objective To establish a method for identifying Haemaphysalis flava and H. campanulata with molecular markers, and to learn the phylogenetic relationship of these two species of ticks. Methods Ticks were collected from animals in Hubei province, and identified by their morphological characteristics. The 12S rDNA, 16S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunitⅠ gene (COⅠ) from the genomes of the two kinds of ticks were amplified by PCR and sequenced for homology analysis. PAUP 4.0 software was used to construct the individual phylogenetic trees of the three gene sequences for phylogenetic analysis. Results The identities between the two species of ticks were 90.8% for 12S rDNA, 90.4% for 16S rDNA, and 86.8% for COⅠ, with the homology of the three gene fragments between collected H. flava and known H. flava being 100%, 99.5% and 99.7%, respectively. On the phylogenetic trees based on the nucleotide sequences of the 12S rDNA, 16S rDNA and COⅠ gene, H. flava was clustered together with their respective class. H. flava and the H. campanulata formed a distinct branch. However, the phylogenetic relationships between different species of Haemaphysalis were different on the trees based on these three genes. Conclusion As far as identification of the ticks with similar morphological features is concerned, molecular markers in combination with the conventional morphological classification can make it more accurate, contributing to better understanding of their evolutionary relationships. Further phylogenetic analysis of gene sequences also provides a basis for the prevention and control of tick-borne diseases.

Objective To provide a scientific basis for fly control by investigating resistance of Musca domestica to five common insecticides in Jiangxia district, Wuhan city. Methods The resistance of M. domestica to DDVP,azamethiphos,beta - cypermethrin,tetramethrin and cypermethrin were measured by topical application methods. Results M. domestica had low resisiteance to DDVP (LD ₅₀＝0.199 27 μg/♀) and beta-cypermethrin (LD ₅₀＝0.655 50 μg/♀), with the resistance ratio below 10-fold. M. domestica had devoloped high resistance to cypermethrin (LD ₅₀＝0.815 60 μg/♀) and propoxur (LD ₅₀＝0.648 50 μg/♀), and the resistances ratio to the two insecticides was 177.3 and 231.6 respectively. Conclusion It is essential to use insecticides reasonably based on researches of M. domestica’s resistance. It is also important to develop comprehensive prevention and control strategies.

Objective To establish subtracted cDNA libraries using the suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) technique based on the livers of New Zealand white rabbits infected with Schistosoma japonicum before and after praziquantel treatment, providing the basis for screening the drug-response molecular target during the therapy. Methods New Zealand white rabbits infected with S. japonicum were assigned to two groups to receive praziquantel medication or blank, respectively. The SSH technique was conducted to build the forward and reverse subtracted cDNA libraries using the PCR-Select cDNA Subtraction kit. The differentially expressed ESTs were screened and positive clones were isolated from the libraries for bioinformatic analysis．Results Thirty-nine positive clones were isolated from two subtracted cDNA libraries, including 22 from the forward library and 17 from the reverse library. The analysis revealed that the ESTs were mainly responsible for coding enzymes and proteins associated with protein synthesis and degradation. Conclusion The subtracted cDNA libraries before and after praziquantel treatment for S. japonicum were successfully constructed, laying a solid foundation for further research into the molecular mechanisms of this medication therapy.

Objective The species variation of and seasonal fluctuations in the vector of Japanese encephalitis in Wuhan from 2006 to 2009 were investigated to provide the basis for the prevention and control of the disease and the vector mosquitoes.  Methods The lamp trap method was applied. Results A total of 48 097 mosquitoes of 6 species, 4 genera and 1 family were captured from 2006 to 2009. The dominant species was Culex tritaeniorhynchus, accounting for 78.1% of the total captures. Marked seasonal fluctuations in the adult mosquito density were observed in the district; the activity peak was usually from June to August, while adult mosquito activities substantially weakened from January to March and from November to December. Conclusion The seasonal fluctuations in the number of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, the dominant species in Huangpi district, were noticeable. In preliminary conclusion, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus is the major vector of Japanese encephalitis in the district.

Objective To evaluate the resistance of Blattella germanica against seven kinds of commonly used insecticides, providing scientific basis for appropriate application of insecticides. Methods The residual contact method was used to  determine  the  resistance.  Results The  average  resistance  of  seven  wild  B. germanica  strains in  Wuhan  against  beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, propoxur, chlorpyrifos, DDVP, cypermethrin, and permethrin was 2.6-7.7, 3.3-10.7, 1.1-2.0, 2.9-3.8, 2.5-11.2, 3.5-5.3, and 4.0-6.4 times that of susceptible strain, respectively. Conclusion Seven wild B. germanica strains have developed different degrees of resistance to five kinds of insecticides, yet susceptible to propoxur. Domestic strains have developed strong resistance against deltamethrin, and those collected from fair trade markets have been highly resistant to DDVP.

【Abstract】 Objective To study the technique to control rodents in sewers of urban residential areas. Methods Contrast experiment was done in urban residential areas of Wuhan city. Wax block baits was hanged in the sewers according to operating instruction for 6 weeks in the tested areas, while no control measure was taken in the control. The infestation rate of rodents was investigated in the sewer before and after taking control measure. Results The average rodent density was 68.5% in the tested areas and control areas before controlling, however, that in the tested areas reached 96.4% after control for 6 weeks, and the relative population index was 3.1. Conclusion It is effective to control rodent according to the operational instruction in the residential areas.

Objective To provide scientific data for vector control after investigating its community structure and seasonal fluctuation in Wuhan,2006. Methods Mouse trap, light trap, cage trap and oach glue trap were used to catch rodents, mosquitoes, flies and cockroaches respectively. Results The rodents were identified as 3 species of 2 genera, 1 family and Rattus norvegicus and R.flavipectus were dominant species and occupied 40.8% and 39.4% respectively. The mosquitoes were identified as 5 species, 4 genera, 1 family and the dominant species, Cluex pipiens quinquefasciatus, occupied 68.4%. The flies belonged to 5 species of 5 genera, 3 families. Musca domestica was dominant species and occupied 67.8%. The cockroach were identified as 3 species of 2 genera, 1 family and Blattella germanica was dominant species and occupied 89.8%. Rodents and cockcoaches were active throughout the year and seasonality was unconspicuous. Seasonality of mosquitoes and flies was obvious. The active peak of mosquitoes are on June while flies have two active peaks on May and November respectively of which the higher is on May. Conclusion The community structure and seasonal fluctuation of vector were preliminary known.